英國文化知識：The Shaping of the Nation英國的形成

 　　The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)

　　英國的形成(公元1066-1381)

　　I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)

　　諾曼統(tǒng)治(公元1066-1381)

　　威廉一世的統(tǒng)治(公元1066-1087)

　　Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.

　　在威廉統(tǒng)治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。

　　According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.

　　根據此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和收租。這些地產分散于各處，這樣土地擁有者就不易聯合起來反叛國王。已成為國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。在封建等級底層的是農奴。英國封建制獨有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領主，而且要效忠于國王。

　　(責任編輯：彭海芝)

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